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The Problems with Computer or Machine-Based Translations

In a wonderful article by Cecilia Quiroga-Clare, some of the challengesof computer based language translation are discussed. She writes: “Wetend to think of language as a clear and literal vehicle for accuratelycommunicating ideas. But even when we use language literally,misunderstandings arise and meanings shift. People can be intentionallyor unintentionally ambiguous. Nevertheless, when someone uses apotentially ambiguous sentence or expression, usually the intention wasto express only one meaning. As we know, most words can havedenotations, apparent meanings, connotations and implied or hiddenmeanings. Also, we often use words in a figurative way. Even thoughfigurative language is more often used in poetry and fiction, it isstill very common in ordinary speech. Ambiguityis a poetic vehicle. It is human nature to try to find meaning withinan exchange. A text is given to us and in return we give ourinterpretation. Our own associations give understanding of what ispresented to us. One ofthe most significant problems in processing natural language is theproblem of ambiguity. Most ambiguities escape our notice because we arevery good at resolving them using context and our knowledge of theworld. But computer systems do not have this knowledge, andconsequently do not do a good job of making use of the context. Theproblem of ambiguity arises wherever computers try to cope with humanlanguage, as when a computer on the Internet retrieves informationabout alternative meanings of the search terms, meanings that we had nointerest in. In machine translation, for a computer it is almostimpossible to distinguish between the different meanings of an Englishword that may be expressed by very different words in the targetlanguage. Therefore all attempts to use computers alone to processhuman language have been frustrated by the computer’s limited abilityto deal with polysemy. Thereality is that there no operational computer system capable ofdetermining the intended meanings of words in discourse exists today.Nevertheless, solving the polysemy problem is so important that allefforts will continue. I believe that when we achieve this goal, wewill be close to attaining the holy grail of computer science,artificial intelligence. In the meanwhile, there is a lot more to teachcomputers about contexts and especially linguistic contexts. ” Formore information on ABC Translation Services human-touch translations,and why we never use a machine-based translation process, please visitour website at: www.translationsabc.com.

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Problems of the Class NP $140.19 Problems of the class NP its almost all problems solved on the computer. Therefore, this is extremely important and actually to research the properties of such problems and to construct their mathematical models, which allows in a number of cases to improve the solution algorithms or propose new ones. In studying the problems of the class NP we focused on the NPcomplete problems, the researching their properties and constructing models. We construct a mathematical model of constructive combinatorial problems, clarify the concept of a class of problems solved by a nondeterministic Turing machine and define the concept of the problem without foresight, investigate the settheoretic properties of extreme combinatorial problems. We offer the polynomialtime algorithm for the maxumum independent set problem based on a hypotheses. Also, we find a criterion for Hamiltonicity of a graph and consider some covering problems. This book should be especially useful to professionals in computer sience. Author: Plotnikov, Anatoly Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 152 Publication Date: 2011/05/05 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.35 inches

Algorithms and Models for Problems in Networking. $115.71 Many interesting theoretical problems arise from computer networks. In this thesis we will consider three of them: algorithms and data structures for problems involving distances in networks (in particular compact routing schemes, distance labels, and distance oracles), algorithms for wireless capacity and scheduling problems, and algorithms for optimizing iBGP overlays in autonomous systems on the Internet. While at first glance these problems may seem extremely different, they are similar in that they all attempt to look at a previously studied networking problem in new, more realistic frameworks. In other words, they are all as much about new models for old problems as they are about new algorithms. In this thesis we will define these models, design algorithms for them, and prove hardness and impossibility results for these three types of problems. Author: Dinitz, Michael Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 110 Publication Date: 2011/10/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.69 x 7.44 x 0.23 inches

Techniques for Solving Programming Problems $98.77 The work being presented in this thesis is devoted to investigate the different techniques for solving Quadratic Programming Problems (QPP) and NonLinear Programming Problems (NLPP). We first develop a technique to generalize the traditional simplex method for solving a special type (Quasiconcave) QPP in which the objective function can be factorized. We then investigate three well known methods in Operation Research known as Lagranges method, KarushKuhnTucker (KKT) method and Wolfs method for solving QP and NLP problems. Graphical representation of the above three methods are also demonstrated along with their merits and demerits. We implement Lagranges method for solving any type of NLPP. For this, we develop a computer technique along with algorithm. We then develop another computer technique for the implementation of KKT method for solving any NLPP. We also modify Wolfs method to solve any type of QP problems. For this, we develop a computer technique. All the codes in this thesis are developed by using the programming language Mathematica. To demonstrate all of our computer codes, we illustrate number of numerical examples. Author: Datta, Bimal Kumar/ Mohammad Babul Hasan, Dr Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 84 Publication Date: 2010/08/31 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.00 x 0.20 inches

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Algorithmic Problems in Groups and Semigroups $221.44 Algorithmic problems are at the heart of many aspects of algebra, logic, and theoretical computer science, and of interest to a broad audience. The expository articles in this collection, written by experts in their respective fields, present new results, interesting techniques, and often overlapping ideas from diverse fields. This book will serve as a good introduction to algorithmic problems in groups and semigroups. Author: Birget, JeanCamille/ Margolis, Stuart/ Meakin, John Series Title: Trends in Mathematics Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 317 Publication Date: 1999/12/10 Language: English Dimensions: 9.57 x 6.46 x 0.82 inches

Results and Problems in Combinatorial Geometry $54.86 In this short book, the authors discuss three types of problems from combinatorial geometry: Borsuks partition problem, covering convex bodies by smaller homothetic bodies, and the illumination problem. They show how closely related these problems are to each other. The presentation is elementary, with no more than highschool mathematics and an interest in geometry required to follow the arguments. Most of the discussion is restricted to two and threedimensional Euclidean space, though sometimes more general results and problems are given. Thus even the mathematically unsophisticated reader can grasp some of the results of a branch of twentiethcentury mathematics that has applications in such disciplines as mathematical programming, operations research and theoretical computer science. At the end of the book the authors have collected together a set of unsolved and partially solved problems that a sixthform student should be able to understand and even attempt to solve. Author: Boltianskii, V. G./ Boltjansky, Vladimir G./ Gohberg, Israel Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 120 Publication Date: 1985/10/10 Language: English Dimensions: 5.51 x 8.50 x 0.28 inches

Approximation of FreeDiscontinuity Problems $62.13 Functionals involving both volume and surface energies have a number of applications ranging from Computer Vision to Fracture Mechanics. In order to tackle numerical and dynamical problems linked to such functionals many approximations by functionals defined on smooth functions have been proposed (using highorder singular perturbations, finitedifference or nonlocal energies, etc.) The purpose of this book is to present a global approach to these approximations using the theory of gammaconvergence and of special functions of bounded variation. The book is directed to PhD students and researchers in calculus of variations, interested in approximation problems with possible applications. Author: Braides, Andrea Series Title: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence Series Number: 1694 Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 149 Publication Date: 1998/10/30 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.36 inches

Tunnelling with Less Problems $170.47 Selecting an efficient tunnelling system is one of the main objectives of any tunnel construction team to minimize tunnelling problems. The tunnelling system consists of a set of harmonized construction methods that are used for executing different tunnelling activities. This book introduces a computer based model, which is considered as an efficient and easy tool used in the preliminary stage of the project, for selecting efficient tunnelling systems based on technical and nontechnical conditions of the project. Author: Toma, Hossam Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 328 Publication Date: 2011/02/18 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.02 x 0.73 inches

Algorithmic Problems in the Braid Group $105.14 The study of braid groups and their applications is a field which has attracted the interest of mathematicians and computer scientists alike. We begin with a review of the notion of a braid group. We then discuss known solutions to decision problems in braid groups. We then prove new results in braid group algorithmics. We offer a quick solution to the generalized word problem in braid groups, in the special case of cyclic subgroups. We illustrate this solution using a multitape Turing machine. We then turn to a discussion of decision problems in cyclic amalgamations of groups and solve the word problem for the cyclic amalgamation of two braid groups. We then turn to a more general study of the conjugacy problem in cyclic amalgamations. We revise and prove some theorems of Lipschutz and show their application to cyclic amalgamations of braid groups. We generalize this application to prove a new theorem regarding the conjugacy problem in cyclic amalgamations. We then discuss some application of braid groups, culminating in a section devoted to the discussion of braid group cryptography. Author: Feder, Elie Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 84 Publication Date: 2009/05/01 Language: English Dimensions: 9.00 x 6.00 x 0.20 inches

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Control Problems in Robotics $253.31 This book aims at reporting some of the most challenging open problems of control theoretic nature raised by robotics applications. Topics covered in the book represent many of the most innovative areas in contemporary robotics research, with special emphasis on vision, sensoryfeedback control, humancentered robotics, manipulation, planning, flexible and cooperative robots, or assembly systems.The basic idea behind the book is to present the variety of innovative applications and related technology demands that arise from robotics and automation to a larger community, including in particular, researchers in automatic control, applied mathematics, mechanical engineering, or computer science. The book is intended for an audience of researchers and graduate students in those disciplines and in robotics. It is the outcome of a workshop held in Las Vegas, Nevada on December 14, 2002 jointly sponsored by the IEEE Control Systems Society and the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society. Author: Bicchi, Antonio/ Christensen, Henrik I./ Prattichizzo, Domenico Series Title: Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics (Hardcover) Series Number: 4 Binding Type: Hardcover Number of Pages: 280 Publication Date: 2003/01/31 Language: English Dimensions: 9.21 x 6.14 x 0.75 inches